After riding a fossil-fuel boom for decades, Gulf Arab states are eyeing "green" hydrogen as they try to transition their economies and ease the climate crisis at a stroke.
Oil producers Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Oman are investing heavily in the climate-friendly fuel in a search for alternative revenues to crude and gas.
Green hydrogen, which is the hydrogen created when renewable energy electrolyses water, appears to solve many problems: it is low-polluting and has widespread potential uses, which could make it lucrative and planet-saving at the same time.
But the fuel, which currently makes up less than one percent of total hydrogen production, is not yet commercially viable and needs a major scaling-up of renewable energy sources -- a process that could take years.
Despite this, the Gulf monarchies sense an opportunity to remain major players in energy markets as oil revenues fall.
"Gulf states aim to lead the global hydrogen market," said Karim Elgendy, associate fellow at Britain's Chatham House think tank.
"They see green hydrogen as critical to remain major energy powers, allowing them to continue their influence as fossil fuel demand declines."
Most hydrogen is produced from polluting fossil fuels, but green hydrogen is extracted from water using renewable energy such as wind, solar and hydropower.
While fossil fuels create harmful greenhouse gases when they burn, hydrogen emits only water vapour. It is touted for potential use in high-polluting industries such as transport, shipping and steel.
- 'Export leaders' -
Wielding its massive investment capital, oil-rich Saudi Arabia is constructing the world's largest green hydrogen plant at NEOM, the $500 billion futuristic megacity being built on the Red Sea.
The $8.4-billion plant will integrate solar and wind energy to produce up to 600 tonnes of green hydrogen a day by the end of 2026, officials say.
In July the UAE, which will host the United Nations' COP28 climate conference this year, approved a hydrogen strategy that aims to make it one of the top 10 producers by 2031.
"Hydrogen will be a critical fuel for the energy transition," said Hanan Balalaa, a senior official at the UAE's oil firm ADNOC, calling it a "natural extension" for the company.
"We believe hydrogen and its carrier fuels have great potential as new, low carbon fuels, that the UAE is well placed to capitalise" on, Balalaa told AFP.
But it is Oman, which lags Saudi Arabia and the UAE in fossil fuel production, that looks poised to lead the Gulf's clean hydrogen race.
The sultanate is on track to become the sixth-largest exporter globally and the biggest in the Middle East by the end of the decade, the International Energy Agency said in a June report.
Oman aims to produce at least one million tonnes of green hydrogen a year by 2030, and up to 8.5 million tonnes by 2050, "which would be greater than total hydrogen demand in Europe today", the IEA said.
According to auditing firm Deloitte, Middle Eastern countries, primarily the Gulf, will lead global clean hydrogen trade in the short-term, exporting around half of their domestic production by 2030.
By 2050, North Africa and Australia are projected to have the greatest potential, although Gulf states will remain "export leaders", the company said in a June report.
- Hope or hype? -
The investment in green hydrogen has not curbed expansion in oil and gas, with bot
h the UAE and Saudi Arabia planning to grow their hydrocarbon industries.
Experts predict it could still take years before Gulf countries can produce green hydrogen at a cost competitive with fossil fuel-based alternatives.
While the cost of renewable energy has fallen due to technological advances, green hydrogen cannot yet be produced at a profit.
"Gulf countries will focus on maximising the sales of hydrocarbons as long as possible," said Aisha al-Sarihi, a research fellow at the National University of Singapore's Middle East Institute.
"It will take years of trial and error for green hydrogen to become a commercially traded commodity," the expert said, adding that it "can be the new fuel of the future" once the technology matures and costs fall.
Demand for hydrogen also remains unclear.
But Gulf states are long-time energy suppliers of import-dependent Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea that plan to incorporate it in their decarbonisation plans.
Abdullah al-Nuaimi, the UAE's former climate change minister, cautioned, however, that "the existing infrastructure for transporting hydrogen is not adequate and would require massive investment to modify".
"The time required to overcome and solve the challenges facing hydrogen is too long," he told AFP.
Artificial Intelligence Analysis
Defense Industry Analyst: 8Stock Market Analyst: 7General Industry Analyst: 8Analyst Summary
: Gulf Arab states are transitioning their economies to move away from their reliance on oil and gas and towards green hydrogen as a source of alternative revenue. Green hydrogen is produced from water using renewable energy, and does not create harmful greenhouse gases when it is burned. Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in green hydrogen, constructing the world’s largest green hydrogen plant at its $500 billion futuristic megacity, NEOM. However, green hydrogen still makes up less than one percent of total hydrogen production and is not yet commercially viable. Gulf states are hoping to become major players in energy markets as fossil fuel demand declines, and are investing in green hydrogen as a way to remain influential in the energy sector.Analysis of 25 Years of Space and Defense Industry Trends: The past 25 years have seen an increase in global investment in renewable energy sources, as well as increased environmental policies and regulations aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article reflects this trend, as Gulf Arab states are investing heavily in green hydrogen as a way to transition their economies away from fossil fuels and reduce their emissions. However, this article also highlights discrepancies in the space and defense industry, as green hydrogen is not yet commercially viable and needs a major scaling up of renewable energy sources, which could take years.Investigative
Question:
- 1. What are the main challenges in scaling up renewable energy sources for green hydrogen production?
- 2. What are the potential impacts of green hydrogen on the global energy sector?
- 3.
What other policies and regulations could be implemented to support the transition to green hydrogen?4. How can the Gulf Arab states ensure that their investments in green hydrogen are economically sustainable in the long term?
5. What are the potential implications of green hydrogen on global climate goals?
This AI report is generated by a sophisticated prompt to a ChatGPT API. Our editors clean text for presentation, but preserve AI thought for our collective observation. Please comment and ask questions about AI use by Spacedaily. We appreciate your support and contribution to better trade news.
